Serving Size 1 capsule
Amount per serving		% DV
N-acetyl-cysteine	600 mg	†
† Daily Value not established
Other Ingredients: Gelatin
Suggested Use: 1 to 3 capsule daily in divided doses, or as directed by a health care professional.

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Overview

NAC’s remarkable biological benefits

NAC is one of the most studied of all supplements. Interest in it began during the 1960s when it was found to be useful to people with cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary ailments. In the 1990s medical researchers took a strong interest in it as an anti-HIV treatment, and it has been in the spotlight ever since.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is converted in the body to the amino acid L-cysteine — a building block for the production of countless proteins needed by the body. While NAC supplementation undoubtedly provides the body with all the benefits that derive from L-cysteine, the principal reason it is used as a supplement is to increase the body’s production of glutathione — a very important antioxidant that protects cells from being damaged or killed by certain metabolic byproducts.

The list of medical applications of NAC is a very long one, and these applications fall into a variety of categories:

Pulmonary and respiratory ailments;
Slowing or reversing symptoms of aging;
Neuro-degenerative diseases
Neurological and psychological conditions;
Muscle-degenerative conditions;
Cancer;
Cardiovascular ailments;
Addictions to substances or habits;
Immune system problems;
Bacterial and viral infections;
Toxicity;
Various other serious conditions.

NAC is an inexpensive supplement that is safe and easy to obtain — so it would be foolish not to take advantage of it.

Read N-acetylcysteine Monograph

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a substance which is converted in the body to the amino acid L-cysteine. For reasons that are poorly understood, L-cysteine itself is neurotoxic when taken as a supplement; this toxicity is avoided by using NAC instead.¹

L-cysteine, like the other standard amino acids, is a building block for the production of countless proteins needed by the body: enzymes, structural proteins, signalling molecules and their receptors, and a number of small polypeptide molecules with specialized functions. One such polypeptide is the tripeptide called ‘glutathione’ (GSH), a very important antioxidant that protects cells from being damaged or killed by certain metabolic byproducts.²

While NAC supplementation undoubtedly provides the body with all the benefits that derive from L-cysteine, the principal reason it is used as a supplement is to raise glutathione levels.

Reviews

A good review of NAC and its medical applications is the one by Thorne Research³. Since NAC is a precursor for the body’s production of glutathione, Wikipedia’s article on glutathione² is relevant for understanding why NAC has such a broad range of actions. The review by Arakawa and Ito⁴, of NAC’s value in preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases, also makes good reading. A technically written review of what is known about NAC’s mechanisms of action is found in the article by Zafarullah, et al.⁵

What we can’t tell you

In the U.S. and some other industrialized countries, government agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have adopted censorship as a method for intensifying their control over the supplement industry and its customers. Thus, FDA regulations prohibit us from telling you that any of our products are effective as medical treatments, even if they are, in fact, effective.

Accordingly, we will limit our discussion of N-acetylcysteine to a brief summary of relevant research, and let you draw your own conclusions about what medical conditions it may be effective in treating.

NAC’s remarkable biological benefits

NAC is one of the most studied of all supplements. Interest in it began during the 1960s when it was found to be useful as a ‘mucolytic’ agent — i.e., it lowers the viscosity of mucus in the respiratory tract, assisting people with cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary ailments.⁶ In the early 1990s medical researchers took a strong interest in it as an anti-HIV treatment,⁷ and it has been in the spotlight ever since.

The list of medical applications of NAC is a very long one, as can be seen from the outline that follows.

Pulmonary and respiratory ailments:

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)⁸
asthma⁹
bronchitis¹⁰
emphysema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)^11,^12,^10,^13,^14,¹⁵
ideopulmonary fibrosis^16,^17,^18,¹⁹
cystic fibrosis^6,²⁰

Accelerated aging:

diabetes-related or Alzheimer’s-related tissue aging²¹
mitochondrial aging²²

Neurodegenerative diseases:^4,²³

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)²⁴
multiple sclerosis²⁵
Alzheimer’s^26,^27,^28,²⁹
diabetic neuropathy³⁰
diabetic retinopathy³¹
amlyoid-related brain cell loss
adrenoleukodystrophy³²

Other neurological conditions:

bipolar disorder³³
depression³³
autism³³
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder³³
memory loss²⁷
hearing loss³⁴
chronic fatigue syndrome³⁵
pain³⁶
brain damage from stroke³⁷
myclonus epilepsy³⁸

Muscle-degenerative conditions:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy³⁹
age-related muscle loss⁴⁰

Cancer:

oxidation-related cancer⁴¹
anti-angiogenesis therapy⁴²
prostate cancer⁴³
tobacco-related lung cancer⁴⁴
chemotherapy damage to lungs⁴⁵

Cardiovascular ailments:

atherosclerosis⁴⁶
high homocysteine levels⁴⁷
artery damage from tobacco smoke⁴⁸
blood clots⁴⁹
impaired heart function after heart attack⁵⁰
sclerodermic Raynaud’s phenomenon⁵¹
kidney-related cardiovascular disease⁵²

Addictions:

cocaine^53,^54,^55,³³
alcoholic liver damage⁵⁶
gambling⁵⁷

Immune system problems:

immune suppression⁵⁸
Sjögren’s syndrome⁵⁹
systemic inflammation

Infections:

malaria⁶⁰
HIV⁷
influenza⁶¹
hepatitis C^62,⁶³
ulcers due to Helicobacter pylori⁶⁴
bacterial infections with systemic inflammation⁶⁵
sepsis^66,⁶⁷

Toxicity:

acetaminophen (Tylenol®) overdoses⁶⁸
mushroom poisoning⁶⁹
zinc-related neurotoxicity⁷⁰

Other applications:

diabetes^71,²¹
cysteine/glutathione deficiency⁷²
muscle fatigue^73,⁷⁴
non-alcholic fatty liver disease^75,^76,⁷⁷
sickle cell disease⁷⁸

These are far too many applications to discuss in detail, so let us just look at one of them, as an example of the medical power of this supplement: the prevention of vascular damage caused by dietary AGEs — chemicals created in food by cooking.

NAC interferes with cardiovascular damage

Whenever food is cooked, some of the sugars in the food are converted into substances called ‘AGEs’ (Advanced Glycation Endproducts).⁷⁹ These are inflammatory chemicals that, when consumed, cause damage to the walls of arteries and veins, as well as accelerated aging in other tissues in the body. The body actually produces its own AGEs, but usually in smaller amounts than are found in the diet. Diabetics, however, often have higher levels of sugar in their blood, and so AGEs are produced in larger amounts in these people. The total AGE burden is therefore much higher in diabetics.

In an important 2004 paper, researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine showed that diabetics experience substantially less damage to arteries when their consumption of AGEs is reduced.²¹ The research also showed that NAC interferes with a key process through which AGEs produce inflammation and tissue damage. Interestingly, this research project was motivated by the idea that atherosclerosis can be prevented by reducing dietary AGEs, not the idea that NAC can be used to counteract the effects of high AGE consumption. Yet NAC did, in fact, prevent AGEs from damaging vascular cells.

This is just one example of NAC’s far-ranging effects on harmful processes taking place in the body. NAC is an inexpensive supplement that is safe and easy to obtain — so it would be foolish not to take advantage of it.

Conclusion

Are N-acetylcysteine supplements useful for the conditions and purposes mentioned above? We aren’t allowed to tell you, so you should take a look at some of the references cited here, and then decide for yourself.